October 9, 2002 Opinion Editorials

 

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  Palestinians are not alone
By John Pilger, Arab News

LONDON, 9 October — The Palestinians are no longer alone; Israel, despite the craven intimidation of some of its supporters, has ceased to be immune from truthful media criticism. Edward Said once asked who, if not the writer, will “defeat the imposed silence and normalized quiet of power”. Ghada Karmi is such a writer. Her book In Search of Fatima: A Palestinian story, to be published this month by Verso, is one of the finest, most eloquent and painfully honest memoirs of the Palestinian exile and displacement, which Western power and its creature, Israel, have “normalized”.

As a child in British Mandated Palestine, Ghada Karmi watched Jewish terrorists create the climate of fear and terror that gave Palestinian families the choice of fleeing or expulsion. She notes the irony that the word “terrorist” was invented by the British to describe the Jewish Irgun and the Stern Gang and its killers, two of whom became prime ministers of Israel.

Her family came as refugees to Britain, settling in, of all places, Jewish Golders Green. A few years ago, she looked for her home in Jerusalem and found in its place a kindergarten for religious Israelis. Everything of her childhood was gone, as if it had been airbrushed. “The scene could have come from the Orthodox Jewish part of Golders Green,” she wrote. “Unutterably dismayed, I walked back and stood staring at what had been the site of our house.

I squeezed my eyes shut to banish the present from my consciousness and recall the memories of childhood, the echoes of laughter and the scents and sounds which had been homely and familiar. But I could not. Flotsam and jetsam, I thought, that’s how we ended up, not a stick or stone to mark our existence. No homeland, no reference point, only a fragile, displaced and misfit Arab family in England to take on those crucial roles.”

The “quiet of power” is no more; the Palestinians, having fought back, are no longer alone. Last Saturday, up to 400,000 people filled much of central London calling for justice for them, and in opposition to the proposed criminal attack on Iraq. The two are linked; only the vintage of the imperial regime in Whitehall is different.

At the Israeli Ministry of Truth on Palestine, and its branches in America and this country, there is panic, which is understandable. Until recently, a Zionist narrative has dominated much of the region’s historiography in the west; and Israel’s immunity from truthful media criticism has been almost guaranteed. Tim Llewellyn, for many years the BBC’s Middle East correspondent, has described this, accusing the BBC of “continuing to duck” its public service duty to explain “the true nature of the disaster [of the occupation] and Israel’s overwhelming responsibility for it”.

Merely to say that invites intimidation and smear, which, says Yishai Rosen-Zvi, one of the brave Israelis who have refused to serve in the Occupied Territories, “has been the huge bluff of the Israeli establishment. [Every] criticism of its policies is called anti-Semitism, [when] criticizing your country’s policy is the only patriotic thing that one can do.” He said this in my documentary Palestine Is Still the Issue, which was broadcast on ITV1 last month.

The horde of mostly vicious, violent and threatening bigots who assaulted Carlton Television following the film’s transmission made no mention of him or the other decent, reasoning Israelis I interviewed and featured. The wisdom and compassion of Rami Elhanan, a veteran of the Yom Kippur war, who lost his teenage daughter in a suicide bombing, were ignored.

He told me: “Someone who murders little girls is a criminal and should be punished. But if you think from the head and not from the guts and you look what made people do what they do, people that don’t have hope, people who are desperate enough to commit suicide, you have to ask yourself, have you contributed in any way to this despair and craziness . . . the suicide bomber was a victim the same as my girl was . . . understanding is part of the way to solving the problem.” Those like Rami and Yishai, wrote Miriam Karlin in a letter to the Guardian, “represent the best of Israel, humanity and true Judaism”.

Indeed, most of those interviewed were Israelis, including “settlers” and Ariel Sharon’s closest adviser, who was given the most airtime. Not a word about this was uttered by the ranters, who e-mailed their abuse and screamed down the phone from all points west of Finchley, including New York and California.

Many were Americans, none of whom had seen the film. Analyzing the e-mails, we calculate that around 10 percent are genuine critical responses to the film. Most of the rest have a generic theme, including those clearly orchestrated by a thoroughly sinister organization called HonestReporting.

Following a similar assault last year on the Guardian’s Middle East correspondent, Suzanne Goldenberg (who was abused as a “self-hating Jew”), an investigation by the paper revealed a website, www.honestreporting.com, that gave no address and was registered under a London name and phone number that seemed not to exist. The site was set up by a 27-year-old called Jonathan, who pleaded, as cowards in his situation do, that his name not be published. This organization is now funded in America by a front called Media Watch International, run by one Shraga Simmons. Simmons is employed by a group of Zionist fanatics known as Aish HaTorah. According to David Leigh in the Guardian, Aish HaTorah was “founded by Rabbi Noah Weinberg, who complains that “20,000 kids a year” are being lost to Judaism by marrying out. Aish invented speed-dating — eight-minute sessions in cafés to help New Yorkers find compatible Jewish partners. They’re widely regarded as right-wing extremists. And they’re certainly not entitled to harass the media into what they would call ‘objectivity’.”

It goes beyond that. Many of the e-mails are quite disgusting, containing menacing racist filth of the kind you associate with anti-Semitic fascists. The murder of my family is considered “not a bad idea”. I am a “demonic psychopath” and likened to David Irving. Someone called Arie Karseboom says that I must belong to a Nazi party or have an Arab wife: otherwise, a film explaining the injustice done to the Palestinians is simply inexplicable!

The distinguished Israeli historian Ilan Pappe, whose works are taught in universities all over the world and who describes my film as “balanced [and] faultless in its historical description”, is called a “pro-Arab dog” and worse.

In order to create the impression of an avalanche of complaints, many of the e-mails run to five or six pages. Not all the writers are American fanatics. At Carlton’s offices in London, the duty officers have been abused by those close by. They have been called “worse than Hitler”. I have had death threats. A Jewish friend says that the Jewish community has to take some responsibility for this outrageous behavior from even its “respectable” members.

For example, a doctor from Cheshire suggested in an e-mail that I had been personally bribed by Yasser Arafat in return for “programs like that [that] encourage the murder of innocent Jewish civilians . . .” Note the American spelling of program, which indicates that the nice doctor from Cheshire may not write his own bile.

The invective and threats increased noticeably the day after Michael Green, the Jewish chairman of Carlton, attacked his own company’s film in off-the-cuff abuse in the Jewish Chronicle, calling it “a tragedy for Israel” and “inaccurate”. Two weeks on, Green has yet to identify let alone substantiate a single “inaccuracy”. He should apologize to those of us who have distinguished his company with careful, fair and truthful work. His irresponsibility is a disgrace.

The Foreign Press Association in Jerusalem has complained to the Israeli government about its “defense force” targeting journalists — that is, shooting to kill them, just as they routinely kill Palestinians. The next step is for the same foreign journalists, who privately express understanding of the historic injustice done to people suffering one of the longest occupations in modern times, to reject the craven intimidation coming from New York and Finchley and Cheshire, and speak the truth.



 

Israeli propaganda mill is at work again


By Linda Heard  

Israel is worried about its image these days. With scenes of Israeli soldiers in full battle regalia beating young boys at checkpoints and bulldozing homes and orchards, the Israeli army is looking as though it just stepped out of an old black-and white World War II movie. All it requires are jackboots to complete the parody. They already have the shades.

In an attempt to soften this image for the gradually awakening American public, two U.S. Jewish groups – the American Jewish Committee and Israel 21C –  have paid for an ad campaign set to air on 100 American cable television networks.

The ads are on the theme of "we are a democracy like you" and focus on Israel's supposed freedom of speech, unfettered media, and respect for human rights. One of the advertisements emphasises that Israel is America's ally in the region, while another stresses "common values and common visions".

If Americans had the chance – or were determined enough – to see beyond such glaringly untruthful propaganda and the Israel bias of their media, they would find such propaganda laughable.

They might begin by learning about Mordechai Vananu, who has been languishing in an Israeli prison for years all because he exercised his freedom of speech and talked about Israel's nuclear weapons programme to The Sunday Times.

Secret trial

Vananu was lured to Italy and then kidnapped by the Mossad where he was drugged before being shipped out to Israel. There, he was given a secret trial and sentenced to 18 years in Ashkelon Prison, he is kept in isolation. Few believe that he will ever be allowed to go free.

Perhaps this whistle-blower has been lucky. There is a worldwide campaign highlighting his case. Many others on Israel's list of undesirables have been assassinated, including several Egyptian nuclear scientists.

One of the most prominent such Israeli assassinations was that of Dr. Yahya Meshad, a nuclear physicist who worked for Iraq's Atomic Energy Commission. He was mysteriously murdered in his hotel room in Paris in 1980. Mossad defector Victor Ostrovsky confirmed that agents of his former employer were responsible for Meshad's death.

At a time when Saddam Hussein is being "ordered" to open up his palaces to not only UN weapons inspectors but a posse of armed men, it is difficult to imagine Ariel Sharon rendering his farm open house for inspections.

Israel, as we all know, boasts more weapons of mass destruction than the entire Middle East put together, but this doesn't bother the American government, which shares "common visions". Today, Israel is estimated to possess between 200 and 300 nuclear warheads.

Instead, the White House spokesman Ari Fleischer has the audacity to encourage Iraqis to assassinate their leader. Again, what would the international reaction be if Saddam Hussein suggested that Americans should get rid of theirs or that Palestinians should hunt down Ariel Sharon?

Alternatively, such truth-seeking Americans can fly to Israel for the purpose of speaking to Israelis who dare to challenge their government policies such as Uri Avnery. 

That is if they are prepared to risk being mistaken for international pro-Palestinian activists, who are often turned back at Ben Gurion Airport, or arrested  Avnery, who in his youth was a member of the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF), is today a writer, activist for peace and the founder of the Israeli peace organisation Gush Shalom.

The bearded and passionate Avnery would, no doubt, tell his American guests that he has been hounded by the Israeli government, which is threatening him with legal action for writing letters to IDF officers, urging them to refrain from committing crimes against humanity.

He warns members of the IDF that one day they could find themselves in an international court being charged with war crimes, and gives the example of former President of Serbia Slobadan Milosovich, now on trial in The Hague.

Perhaps Avnery would show such American visitors the letters of encouragement he has received from around the world, including one from 36 French academics and peace activists. Or, perhaps, the missive received from the respected American writer and academic Naom Chomsky, who supports Avnery all the way.

Gush Shalom is also campaigning to free the popular former member of the Palestinian Council Marwan Barghouti from Israeli custody, as well as protesting the crippling curfews, which have been ongoing for around 180 days.

The movement is also pushing to get CNN back into Israeli homes. So much for the new propaganda advertisements' claims of 'an unfettered media'! If Americans with enquiring minds can get past the military checkpoints on the West Bank and evade the curfews, they could see Palestinian children sleeping in Internet cafes, desperate for education, currently being denied them.

Early this month Unicef condemned the IDF for preventing 170,000 Palestinian children from attending school in breach of the Geneva Conventions and the Rights of the Child.

Effect on children

Those same Americans could visit homes where the cupboards and the refrigerators are bare because their occupants haven't been allowed to go to their places of work for months. Those who truly want to know could talk to psychologists about the harm, which Israeli bombs, tanks and bulldozers are doing to the minds of Palestinian children.

Then again, all they have to do is look at the fear mirrored in those children's eyes, children who close their lids every night wondering whether they will wake up amid rubble or lose their parents to a stray bullet – or a bullet in the back.

If they can get near enough to the compound of President Yasser Arafat, where he still sits in his battered shell of an office, they might wonder why this elder statesman, while being labeled irrelevant by both the Bush administration and the Likudists, is at the same time being held personally responsible for every attack on Israelis.

If Ariel Sharon had his way, however, Arafat would be far away by now as the Israeli daily Maariv reported. At the request of Sharon and his defence minister Benjamin Eliezer Israeli troops recently carried out a practice run for the deportation of Arafat, using helicopters.

Arafat might well be waking up in an undisclosed country by now if Washington had not opposed Arafat's exile 'until further notice or until the American operation in Iraq is completed, whichever comes first'.

Why is it essential for Americans, in particular, to dig for some semblance of truth? The sad and irrefutable fact is that without U.S. aid, written-off loans and American-manufactured weapons, Israel would not be allowed to carry on its merry way.

Without the moral backing of America, Israel would be held accountable; would have to comply with the almost 70 UN resolutions it has thus far chosen to ignore and would, itself, be obliged to open its doors to international weapons inspectors.

The dollars of every working American are going directly to finance Israeli aggression to the tune of some $4.5 billion each year, while American companies, such as the tobacco giant Philip Morris and the coffee house chain Starbucks donate a proportion of their profits to the Israeli government.

The real surprise is that the American people seem not to mind, even in these belt-tightening times when unemployment is up, stock markets are erratic and poverty is on the increase.

At the same time American politicians are being financed by Jewish lobbies such as AIPAC or intimidated if they refuse to toe the line. As The Cleveland Jewish News reported on October 2, "It's anyone's guess which party will hold the majority in Congress come November, but one thing is for sure: several leading anti-Israel voices will no longer be heard in the Capitol's halls".

An official from AIPAC (American Israel Public Affairs Committee) commented: "That is a reflection of the strong support Israel enjoys throughout the country now." Legislators Earl Hilliard and Cynthia McKinney, discovered to their cost that criticising Israeli policies wasn't the way to gain votes when their opponents received not only Jewish votes but financial support from American Jewry.

Question Congress

Americans should ask just why Congress bends over backwards trying to please Israel and the five million plus Jewish voters in the U.S. They might also ponder upon just why Congress has just voted to designate Jerusalem as the capital of Israel at the very moment when tensions are running higher than ever in Palestine.

Such a resolution has done little except to inflame the understandable anger and frustration, which most Palestinians understandably feel.

If the American President George W. Bush succeeds in leading the U.S. into a bloody war with Iraq, then Americans might just discover to their horror that their government has more in common with Sharon and his crew than they might ever have imagined.Who knows!

It may soon be the turn of the U.S. to produce its own ads portraying that it, too, is a democratic country with free speech, a free press and an excellent human rights record. It is up to the Americans themselves to ensure that in such an eventuality we won't all be incredulous at those too.

Linda S. Heard is a specialist writer on Middle East affairs.



 

  US policy unchanged
By Dr. James Zogby

There are a number of things that must be said about President Bush’s decision to sign the Foreign Relations Authorization Act (also called H.R. 1646).

In case you were on expedition to Antarctica and missed the news, H.R. 1646 includes a number of controversial and even outrageous provisions that were soundly criticized in much of the Arab press and resulted in bloody demonstrations in Palestine.

The most sensitive issue, that received the greatest attention were provisions in the Act, which would have forced US recognition of Israel’s claim to all of Jerusalem. Specifically, the Act would bring the US consulate in East Jerusalem under the control of the Embassy in Tel Aviv, and require all US official maps and documents to refer to Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.

There were other equally controversial elements of the Act that received less attention. They included:

• allocating $100 million in extra US military supplies to Israel; providing an additional $260 million in other forms of US aid to Israel;

• withholding $10 million from US aid to Lebanon; and

• outlining a series of sanctions that the President could apply to the PLO and the Palestinian Authority which, if implemented, would deny US visas to Palestinian officials and close down the PA’s Washington office.

It is, of course, disturbing that such a bill could be passed at all. For members of Congress to have done so at this time is more than disgraceful.

Given the profound alienation from and anger at the US that currently exists in the Arab world, the growing frustration over the continuing violence and repression in Palestine, and concern that the US is determined to launch a strike against Iraq, passage of H.R. 1646 ought to be viewed as criminal.

It is, however, important to note that most members of Congress had no idea what was in this bill. Many voted on what they believed was merely an appropriations bill to fund the activities of the Department of State and to pay long owed back dues to the United Nations. Some of the disturbing sections of the bill were the mischievous work of a few extremists. They were added after Congress voted and were not known until after the process was completed.

While some of these provisions were a surprise to the administration, others, like the Jerusalem sections, were known.

The administration made its displeasure clear during negotiations over the bill, but not forcefully enough, it appears, to have dissuaded a willful few from doing their work. As a result, a handful of pro-Israel members of Congress were allowed to impose their extremist positions on the rest of the legislation body.

And so late last week when H.R. 1646 finally passed Congress and was put on the president’s desk, the administration was forced to respond.

They did not want to veto the entire budget since it included a number of important items, most notably the US dues. The decision, therefore, was made to have the president sign the bill, but to simultaneously issue a statement of clarification regarding the administrations understanding of the Act.

The statement by the president was a detailed four-page document that made clear the administration’s rejection of many of the bills most controversial elements. It began:

“Regrettably, the Act contains a number of provisions that impermissibly interfere with the constitutional functions of the presidency in foreign affairs, including provisions that purport to establish foreign policy that are of significant concern. Such provisions, if construed as mandatory rather than advisory, would impermissibly interfere with the president’s constitutional authorities to conduct the nation’s foreign affairs, participate in international negotiations, and supervise the unitary executive branch.”

With regard to the sections dealing with Jerusalem, the president’s statement says:

“Section 214, concerning Jerusalem, impermissibly interferes with the president’s constitutional authority to conduct the nation’s foreign affairs and to supervise the unitary executive branch. Moreover, the purported direction in section 214 would, if construed as mandatory rather than advisory, impermissibly interfere with the president’s constitutional authority to formulate the position of the United States, speak for the nation in international affairs, and determine the terms on which recognition is given to foreign states. US policy regarding Jerusalem has not changed.”

Much the same is said regarding the matter of PLO sanctions.

The president’s statement concluded: “My approval of the Act does not constitute my adoption of the various statements of policy in the Act as US foreign policy.

Given the Constitution’s commitment to the presidency of the authority to conduct the nation’s foreign affairs, the executive branch shall construe such policy statements as advisory, giving them the due weight that comity between the legislative and executive branches should require, to the extent consistent with US foreign policy.”

To the administration the matter seemed resolved. To a distrustful Arab world it all appeared to be a sleight of hand trick. The explanation was neither understood not accepted. And, to be blunt, the United States did not take either Arab opinion or the importance of the matter seriously enough. For example the president’s statement while technically and legally satisfactory, was too long and too dense. What was needed was a direct “We will not recognize this provision, it is unconstitutional and wrong. Our policy has not changed.”

But such a direct statement did not come until too long after the signing. And by then it was too late.

What should be clear is that a real problem exists. It is not the status of Jerusalem. That, in fact, has not changed.

The problem is that the administration does not see how out of touch it is with an increasingly angry Arab world that is distrustful of US intentions. Even while the State Department maintains that policy has not changed, that is of little comfort to an Arab audience deeply troubled by that very unchanging policy.

For comments or information, contact jzogby@aaiusa.org or check the website http://www.aaiusa.org.

 

 


 

 

Blair takes a significant stand on Palestine
By Mustapha Karkouti  | Gulf News,  08-10-2002

Addressing his Labour Party annual conference last week, Britain's Prime Minster, Tony Blair, delivered to the delegates the performance of his political life so far.

Though the foreign policy section in the speech was dominated by Iraq's issue and his endeavour to explain why United Kingdom should not abandon United States, the prime minister made a highly significant statement on Palestine.

His remarks came in just two well-crafted paragraphs. He took everybody by surprise. But this does not diminish the importance and positiveness of these remarks. They deal directly with the heart of the problem: Palestinians rights and Israel's continuous and brutal occupation of Arab lands.

Regardless of what has been reported in the press here about the United States' reaction to Blair's statement, his remarks should be seen as a significant opportunity and must be taken very seriously by all Arabs in general, and particularly by those who are immediately concerned with the Middle East crisis.

It is no good saying it is another ploy by "America's poodle", as Blair is understandably dubbed by commentators. This is the second time in two weeks when the prime minister talked about the urgency of peace settlement in the Middle East.

Arab leaders, one would hope, should come forward and engagingly react to Blair's remarks in his speech in Blackpool and take him up to the offer he has made in order to achieve peace and security in the Middle East.

He told a recalled House of Commons on September 24 to debate Iraq, that "we need a new conference on Middle East peace" and "a massive mobilisation of energy to get the peace process moving again."

In what seems to be a "vision coming from the heart", according to high ranking "Arabists" at the Foreign Office in London, Blair has called once more for the renewal of negotiations by the end of the year, backed by an international conference.

Blair has not only committed himself to moving forward on the issue, he is also taking political risks. He is moving against his close ally's thinking on the issue under the prevailing circumstances.

"Yes," he told the conference's delegates, "what is happening in the Middle East now is ugly and wrong – the Palestinians living in increasingly abject conditions, humiliated and hopeless and Israeli civilians brutally murdered. I agree UN resolutions should apply here as much as to Iraq. But they don't just apply to Israel. They apply to all parties."

"By this year's end, we must have revived final status negotiations and they must have explicitly as their aims an Israeli state free from terror, recognised by the Arab world, and a viable Palestinian state based on the boundaries of 1967."

Tony Blair is right  to want a new peace conference. But he should go on one stage further. He should offer to host it himself in No. 10 Downing Street.

He stands a better chance to succeed in his offer than any other candidate you may think of.

Apart from the U.S., any other candidate would be rejected by Israel. The European Union, the French, the Russians and even the United Nations as an institution, would all be seen as pro-Arab.

But more significantly, Blair's call should be optimistically welcomed because it is coming from the only world leader who's trusted by the White House and who has the President's ear.

No Western leader, even if it is Britain's, can or would take on such a colossal task without some sort of American understanding. It is too naïve to think of the contrary.

That won't work. Every one agrees: nothing can happen in the Middle East without the American blessing. That's why the current effort by the "quartet" of the U.S., EU, Russia and UN is so important. Whether we like or not, the U.S. stamp is essential.

The assumption in some Israeli quarters is that Premier Ariel Sharon would find it more difficult to refuse an invitation from Blair than any one else.

"He knows that if he refuses Blair, he refuses Bush," the Israeli dovish Meretz party leader and deputy Speaker, Naomi Chazan said.

With the sabre-rattling over Iraq in the background, Blair's call for a peace conference by this year's end brings back memories of the 1991 scenario. The then right-wing premier Yitzhak Shamir, the most determined anti-peace politician, was dragged to Madrid by a firm president (George Bush Sr.) and secretary of state (James Baker).

The outcome of the Madrid conference was totally unexpected. Shamir dug in with Sharon, who objected to Israel attending the conference even after the cabinet approved it, but nevertheless the conference paved the way to the first agreements between Israel and the Palestinians (and Oslo, which is now being systematically demolished by Sharon).

Can history repeat itself and pave the way for a London conference hosted by Blair? Hard to tell. There are two main daunting obstacles to this approach.

Despite its total brutality against Palestinian civilians and their rights, Sharon's government enjoys an unprecedented degree of influence and access in Washington from the presidential level to that of research department.

Another is the coming mid-term U.S. Congressional elections, discouraging anything that does not compute with and unquestionably accept the current Israeli strategy.

However, what Blair has done is put the perennial question of how much influence, as claimed, he has in Washington to a further test. Blair may compete with Sharon over the president's ear, but can he win?

Mustapha Karkouti is the former president, Foreign Press Association in London.

 


 

Sad tale of partisan American intervention

S. Nihal Singh, Khaleej Times, 10/9/02

A CENTRAL assumption of the Madrid conference of 1991 leading to the Oslo accords was to seek an Israeli-Arab reconciliation on the basis of returning occupied land to the Palestinians and, concomitantly, the evacuation of occupied South Lebanon and the return of the Golan Heights to Syria.

Few had illusions about the complexity of the task and the opposition of right-wing Israelis and religious fundamentalists on the Israeli side and of organisations like Hamas, Islamic Jihad and the Hezbollah on the other. But the premise of those who tried to make the agreements work was that once progress was achieved in implementing the step by step approach of the Oslo accords, the majority on the two sides of the divide would see the benefits of a negotiated settlement.

Oslo began to unravel because the Israelis fudged the deadlines on implementation, aided no doubt by the suicide bombings and other acts of Palestinian rejectionists, and sought to use the process of peace to expand illegal settlements and build new ones. Yitzak Rabin and Yasser Arafat sought to plough the field of peace despite these ominous developments, but an Israeli assassin ended Rabin's quest and Arafat was made to traverse minefields as he sought room for manoeuvre between Israeli and American pressures and the clamour of the Palestinian rejectionists. The latter gained in direct proportion to Palestinian disillusionment with Oslo even as Israelis voted in hardliners in their quest for security.

The high point in the effort to find peace was reached towards the end of the Clinton presidency during the Camp David negotiations and, even more strikingly, at Taba. The myth of Arafat spurning a golden opportunity has since then been exploded, and it is significant that president Bill Clinton had to wait till the last months of his final second term to give a serious push to make peace in the Middle East.

Thereby hangs the sad tale of the United States' traditionally partisan intervention in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The US has strategic interests in supporting Israel in its predominantly Arab neighbourhood, giving it a military edge over its adversaries through military and economic help of very generous proportions. First, Washington co-opted Egypt through a separate peace negotiated at Camp David and America's military strength has enabled it largely to insulate Israeli actions from the ambit of the United Nations and European initiatives.

Apart from president Eisenhower's intervention to stop the Israeli-inspired Anglo-French war in the region, no US president has felt strong enough to challenge Israel head on. President Bush senior's decision to withhold housing loans worth $10 billion to make his point on illegal settlements turned out to be largely symbolic.

So great is the American Jewish lobby's hold on America's Middle East policy that Capitol Hill routinely passes blatantly pro-Israeli resolutions and the Middle East section in the US State department is, more often than not, staffed by men and women of Jewish faith. In any event, Israel has shown time and again that it can force a US president to do its bidding by going to Capitol Hill and exercising other levers of power it enjoys in the US.

Of the two intifadas resorted to by Palestinians, the first was more successful in bringing the Palestinian plight to the world's attention. The second intifada became counter-productive because it gave the right-wing Israelis the excuse to bury the Oslo process, already deeply flawed, and gave the hardliner Ariel Sharon the opportunity to demolish and humiliate the Palestinian Authority and demonise Arafat.

The conjunction of stars was favourable for Sharon because he found a willing accomplice in President George W. Bush. The White House first adopted a hands-off policy - in effect giving a licence to Sharon to do as he pleased - and later parked the whole problem through a grand declaration, which amounted to letting the Israelis complete their demolition of the Palestinian Authority.

In essence, the Oslo accords were weighted against the Palestinians. Yasser Arafat and his Fatah faction accepted them because of their belief that they would eventually lead to an independent Palestinian state. It was this very belief, shared by the Israeli right-wing, that galvanised the latter to frustrate Oslo. In the end, since Rabin's Labour Party successors could not provide either peace or security, the rightists came into their element and succeeded in wrecking the Oslo edifice.

In hindsight, the Oslo process failed because the Israelis, aided by suicide bombers, repudiated the basis on which it was premised. The 'final status talks' were mocked by the Israelis through more than five years of illegal settlement building and expansion and their refusal to undertake the step by step measures required of Oslo.

Where do we go from here? The dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has changed, thanks to the September 11 events and the Bush administration's new focus on removing Iraq's President Saddam Hussein by force. The terror attacks in America gave a handle to Sharon to reoccupy Palestinian towns and try to suppress a whole Palestinian population while the Bush war plan, Sharon hopes, will turn the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on its head.

It was the Second Gulf War that had led to Madrid and Oslo. The American impulse to go to war to throw Iraq out of Kuwait - an indefensible Iraqi act in itself - sat ill with Washington turning a blind eye to the continuing Israeli occupation of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and Jerusalem. The Iraqi authorities had highlighted this point as they sought to counter the American-led onslaught.

Will the Third Gulf War America is planning to fight finally resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? The Sharon game plan seems clear. He wants a pliant Palestinian authority to take charge of as little occupied land as possible, leaving Israel supreme in a new post-Saddam Iraq run by a puppet regime beholden to Washington. There are many reasons why such a plan cannot succeed. Palestinians will never accept a make-believe state and Arabs will rebel at being governed by a new American colonial dispensation.

In the near term, Palestinians will continue to suffer as will Iraqis as the American war machine readies for the new military assault. The tragedy will be compounded by the Israelis' failure to secure what most of them desire: peace with security.

 


 

 

Democratic process without military intervention

Mushahid Hussain, Khaleej Times, 10/9/02

THREE years after the military coup of October 12, 1999, Pakistan is holding general elections on October 10. These elections may not alter Pakistan's power structure or even lead to a genuine transfer of power. But they will certainly inject a new dynamic with the potential to challenge the post-October 12 status quo.

However pliant a politician may be, ultimately the politician is beholden to his civilian constituency and not to his powerful military mentors. And politicians the world over, not just in Pakistan, are survivors who know how to adjust to new realities because their trade is dependent on the art of compromise.

It is the men in khaki who find difficulty in adjusting to new situations since their rigid mindset is often averse to compromise, for compromise is seen as being synonymous to retreat. This is the crux of the problem of transition from military to civilian rule. Even today, three years after the October 12 coup, the fact is that all political parties are playing on the military regime's wicket, accepting its ground rules and pursuing the path of power separately. They have demonstrated their proclivity for partisan politicking rather than an ability to unite for their common interests.

Compounding this weakness is the failure to provide an alternative vision and world view. Barring the religious Right, none has dared to debate Pakistan's foreign policy post-September 11 for fear of annoying the Americans. Like any government, this military regime too will be judged on its performance. Three years later, what is the scorecard like?

On the plus side:

Absence of high level corruption, although no change is evident on lower level corruption, which remains pervasive. Opening up of the political system to women, minorities, youth and representatives of smaller provinces.

Hauling up Pakistan's powerful and moneyed élite; cracking down on sectarian terrorism. Burying some key ghosts from Pakistan's unsavoury past like the apology to Bangladesh, publication of the Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report and accepting that the Army Chief has been equally responsible among power brokers for misusing his office.

On the minus side:

Failing to provide Pakistan with a healing touch, given the 'divide and conquer' approach; Selective accountability only of civilians, and making the khaki appear to be above accountability of any sort.

Tinkering with the status quo without really changing it, although the notion of subordinating the bureaucracy to the elected representatives is sound and democratic. People's lives have not changed and neither has the manner in which Pakistan is governed. It remains a one-man-show largely, relying on intelligence agencies for information and decision-making.

Harassment of prominent journalists like Hussain Haqqani, Shaheen Sehbai and Amir Mateen, not for anything they may have done but for what they wrote. This reflected an intolerant and vindictive approach. Abysmal failure, in law and order and in protecting people's lives.

Although the army prides itself on being an institution unique from any other, its ethos, ideology and policy is largely shaped by one individual who heads it, the chief. Thus the same institution can change colours, roles and policies under different army chiefs. It became 'liberal' under General Asif Nawaz and General Pervez Musharraf, 'radical' under General Mirza Aslam Beg, 'religious' under General Zia ul Haq, low-key under General Tikka Khan and displayed high key activism under General Waheed Kakar.

The army has no stated ideology as such, since the chief decides direction and policy. Hence, 'strategic depth' under Beg led to the subsequent adoption of the Taleban as a 'national security interest'. After September 11, the 'national security interest' was deemed necessary by the same institution to ditch the Taleban without batting an eyelid.

So the way the army will act is determined less by any institutional traditions and moreso by individual whims and interests of the incumbent chief. The army's institutional character is more administrative and organisational rather than ideological. In the Pakistan Army's history, two chiefs have had a non-establishment mindset and both were 'accidental' appointees, following unexpected events. General Beg took over after the sudden death of General Zia and General Musharraf was appointed after the sudden exit of General Karamat.

Both defied their civilian superiors and both tried to alter the traditional establishment view - Beg on the Gulf War in 1991 and Gen. Musharraf on Afghan policy post-September 11.

While all coup-makers by definition are risk-takers, Musharraf also happens to be a dealmaker. He is willing to cut deals that give him something in return. He has demonstrated this in his dealings with his nemesis, Nawaz Sharif, through the December 10 exile and subsequent messages to the Sharif family in Jeddah. He also showed this in his dealings with Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee in Agra, by seeking a compromise on Kashmir.

And finally, this was evident after September 11, with respect to the key facets of Pakistan's foreign policy. But he shares his military predecessors' distrust and contempt for civilian politicians, which also stems from insecurity and fear of the unknown.

Hence, the overkill of the referendum in April or the subsequent arbitrary constitutional amendments aimed at bypassing the elected parliament. The real test of General Musharraf's leadership will come after the October 10 polls. Will he be able to compromise with the new realities and cut the 'mother of all deals' with the new parliament, allowing for a democratic process unfettered by khaki monitors? Or will he go the conventional route, fighting a bruising battle for every inch of turf and terrain in a high stake power game destabilising Pakistan in the process? Parting partially with power or even sharing power is not easy for absolute rulers.

For all his political savvy and survival instincts, General Zia failed to co-exist with the politicians selected by him, ultimately destroying the very system he had spawned. Will General Musharraf be any different?


 

A strange case of Jared Israel
By Israel Shamir, Arab News, 10/9/02

The Masters of the Discourse would not be what they are unless they were cunning. Many people arrive to the conclusion that they are misled by the media, experts and politicians. But what is the true reality? The Masters provide a huge choice of traps and misleading explanations of reality, partly true, partly false. Only careful reading allows us to notice the hidden trap.

The site Emperor’s Clothes has all the qualities to pass for an opposition. They object to the present policies of Bush administration. They can disapprove of Israeli high-handedness. They show very well some of the lies permeating the media and politics of the politics in the US. And only sometimes their words express their true agenda. A letter from a reader Mr Golub alerted me to one of the traps.

A recent exchange of remarks http://emperors-clothes.com/letters/joan.htm between Jared Israel, one of the Emperor’s Clothes most active voices, and a reader provides us with unique opportunity to see through the fake opposition. A reader asks Jared Israel, does not he see a connection between the war ax grinding of Bush administration and the Jewish lobby. And the fake opposition voice immediately denies it: “I know many Jewish people and I can tell you that, regarding Israel, they are mostly convinced that the aftermath of 9-11 has made things much worse for that country. Most US Jews do *not* want war with Iraq”.

If you believe that one day you will buy Brooklyn Bridge. Most US Jews THAT MATTER push for the Doomsday. Among them Richard Perle, the chairman of the Pentagon’s Defense Policy Board, an ex-employee of an Israeli weapon manufacturer Soltam, and the great supporter of the war, Paul Wolfowitz, deputy defense secretary, a leading Zionist Douglas Feith, a representative of an “Israeli Armaments Manufacturer”, Dov Zakheim, under secretary of defense, Edward Luttwak, of the National Security Study Group of the Department of Defense at the Pentagon, Lewis Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney’s chief of staff and a lawyer for the thief Mark Rich, Robert Satloff, the US National Security Council Advisor, and the executive director of the Israeli lobby’s “think tank,” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Elliott Abrams, National Security Council Adviser, and many, many others. For sure, there should be some Jews against the war, but they keep their quiet.

It is not classified information, spread by obscure sites: an honest Jewish voice, Philip Weiss, admits in the NY Observer, “Holy or Unholy, Jews and Right in an Alliance” and they push for War. “What about the natural proclivity of Jews to be liberals? asks Weiss, and replies: liberals have yielded authority in the debate.

The refusal of liberal American Jews to make an independent stand has left the American left helpless. American liberalism has always drawn strength from Jews. Liberal Jews often have private conversations about the Middle East in which they acknowledge the absence of leadership in the Israeli government and the desperation of the Palestinians, but they generally do not wish this to become a public conversation with other American citizens”. Intra-Jewish discourse became coarsely racist, and the Jewish Press published an attack on “The Plague of Jewish-Arab Marriages”, concludes Weiss.

So much for the first lie of Jared Israel. But he does not stop here. He has to dissuade his readers that it is Israel and the US Jews who push for war. In a stupefying piece of disinformation, he writes: “There is *nothing* worse for Israel than war in the Middle East. Israel is a tiny country with very hard-to-defend borders, surrounded by Muslim-dominated countries with about 50 times Israel’s population .

The worst thing for Israel is a war in Iraq because it can only fan the flames of Muslim fanaticism, which will then be directed at Israel. The US and England attack; Israel pays”.

Well, Israel is surrounded by ‘Muslim-dominated countries’, but this ‘tiny country’ with the third nuclear potential in the world is fully supported by the ‘Jew-dominated country’, which happens to be the world’s only superpower.

Though Jared Israel thinks the war against Iraq is the worst thing for Israel, probably he has in mind some other Israel, as all senior politicians of the Jewish state, its prime-ministers and ministers for defense, its spokesmen, official and unofficial, publicly and privately call for war.

An ex-Mossad agent Victor Ostrovsky asked his superiors why they were trying to cause a war between the US and Iraq. The reply was that Israel does not have the manpower and aircraft carriers to do the job. First thing said by Ehud Barak and Bibi Netanyahu on 9/11 was their demand to destroy Iraq (followed by Iran and Libya). Ariel Sharon pushes for war relentlessly and even now went to Moscow in order to bring President Putin to support the war.

Yes, the war is against true interests of Jews living in Israel. But we have no voice: our politicians are fully integrated in the Judeo-American establishment, they get their financial support from the American Jews, they dance to their fiddle. Our true interests can emerge only if and when the American Jews will lose their commanding heights in the American discourse.

The third lie of Jared Israel is even more brazen: “The US and England attack; Israel pays”. What nonsense! Israel NEVER pays. Whatever happens, Israeli Army’s redeployment or violent attack on Palestinians, the settlements on the occupied territories or murder of children, everything is paid for by the people of the United States and Europe. They paid for Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon and from a part of Golan Heights, they pay now for food for the starved Palestinians, they will pay for any ‘peace settlement’ Israel would agree to sign. When Israeli ‘peace camp’ promotes an idea of some compensation for the Palestinian refugees, they never offer to pay for the stolen lands and houses they live in: it is always one condition: “all will be paid for by the world community”. The bill of Israel is not paid by the US Jews, either: they are not that silly. The US Jews pay their politicians or threaten them into political oblivion, unless they pay with the money of American Goyim. If political considerations cause them to desist, they force the Goyim of Germany or Swiss to foot the bill.

How can a reader become aware of the hidden agenda of a liar with the straight face? There are telltale signs. He throws “Nazi” at everybody, from brothers Dulles to your truly. He needlessly invokes the Jewish holocaust. And whenever pushed he immediately refers to ‘conspiracy theories’. Jared Israel writes to his reader: “If you see an Israeli plot in Fleischer being Jewish, why not see an Israeli plot in *my* being Jewish as well?” Well, that is what they said when all the luminaries of the Jewish America AND of the state of Israel, from Foxman to Barak, begged Bill Clinton to pardon their crony Mark Rich. The clear-thinking Jewish American writer, Norman Finkelstein, remarked: “If the leading Jews act together, should we shut our eyes in despair and cry: oh no, it can not be, otherwise we shall be condemned as ‘conspiracy-theorists’?” In plain words, yes, Jared Israel, you are a part of the Judeo-Zionist plot. You provide the Jewish instigators of the war with much needed camouflage.

It is very good that Emperor’s Clothes object to the war. It is good that they do not support the war effort of the Jewish Lobby.

But it is not worth one penny if they do not speak against the real instigators of the war. It is not the nincompoop in the White House, neither Pentagon, but the US Jewish establishment, *the Jews that matter*, push for the war, with connivance of silent liberals. Our only hope was expressed by the brilliant Canadian Jewish philosopher Michael Neumann: “Sooner or later, the great white men of America will wake up to their true interests, and get themselves a new set of speechwriters and pundits. The Jews will go out of style”.

— Israel Shamir is an Israeli journalist based in Jaffa. His articles can be seen on the site www.israelshamir.net

 


 

Sharon doing to courts what he has done to TV
By Uri Avnery, Special to Arab News

Who doesn’t remember the picture: a Jew is put on trial in Moscow as a Zionist spy. Family members and friends come to observe the trial but are turned away. No place left, they are told, all the seats have already been taken. And indeed, KGB agents have filled the hall early, and with the entrance of the accused start to shout: “Traitor!” “Spy!” “Kill him!”

The day before yesterday I witnessed something frighteningly similar in Tel-Aviv.

The prosecution’s request to keep Marwan Barghouti in prison till the end of his trial was due to be heard in the District Court. Barghouti, a prominent political personality, has been known for years as the leader of Arafat’s Fatah movement on the West Bank. After Oslo, he participated in many peace demonstrations. He was kidnapped by the Israeli forces and put on trial as a terrorist. Gush Shalom activists and others decided to attend and observe the proceedings.

I arrived two hours early, but was not allowed into the courtroom, in spite of my press card. All the members of the public had been evicted, because inside a briefing of security personnel was taking place. I had a peek at dozens of security people and others inside the room. They obviously were planning what was about to happen.

In the meantime, a crowd had assembled in front of the door. The security people ordered everyone to descend one floor and erected a barrier at the foot of the steps. Behind it, security people and officials of the prime minister’s office took up positions. They had lists in their hands. “Only people who appear on the lists will be allowed in!” they announced.

Who did enter? A number of journalists and TV teams, according to a list prepared by the Government Press Office (a branch of the prime minister’s office). A few diplomats and a Knesset member. Apart from those, only people appearing on the list provided by the “Organization of Terror Victims”.

This is an innocent name for a well-known group: a radical right-wing body, well organized and trained, that specializes in extremely vociferous Arab-bashing demonstrations. Often, the “victims” appear side by side with the rowdies of Kach – an outlawed Jewish terrorist group. The “victim’s organization” represents, of course, only a tiny part of the tens of thousands of families hurt by the violence, who belong to all segments of society. Suicide bombers do not differentiate between leftists and rightists, Jewish and Arab citizens.

Apart from the members of this organization, no one – not one single person!!! – was allowed into the courtroom. I am a journalist. For some 50 years a have held a press card issued by the Government Press Office. I am also a former Knesset member. No matter, for two-and-a-half hours I stood in front of the barrier, crowed in on all sides, unable to move, hardly breathing in the stifling heat, while the members of the “Victim’s Organization” passed by me, holding folded posters and large photos. Around me there were lawyers, peace activists, foreign journalists and ordinary spectators.

In Israel and around the word people saw what happened in the courtroom: When Barghouti was brought in, the public inside started a riot, waving placards and pictures and shouting “Murderer!” “Terrorist!” “Kill him!” It looked like the circus in ancient Rome or a lynch mob. People seeing this on TV had no way of knowing that this was a show planned and organized well in advance by the Sharon government.

The aim was clear. One of the participants, a man called Swiri, confessed to it candidly when interviewed on TV: “I wanted the world to see the victims of this murderer, Barghouti!” Meaning: the participants in the riot had not come to see and listen. They have convicted the accused even before the start of the trial. The principle, that every person is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a proper trial, is not recognized by them. It certainly does not apply to Palestinians.

The very decision to stuff the hall with “terror victims”, to the exclusion of everybody else, amounts to a conviction in advance. The victims versus the perpetrator. This means that the whole “trial” is nothing but a propaganda exhibition, a show-trial of the sort that used to be associated with Fascist and Communist regimes.

The pre-planned riot took place in a court. The Court Guard, which includes many Security Service agents, took part in the organization of the show, which was orchestrated by the prime minister’s office. It is hard to believe that all this happened without the knowledge – and, indeed, the cooperation — of the court.

This puts the whole justice system, once the pride of Israel, to shame. But probably this debasement was inevitable. After the decisions of the Supreme Court approving torture (”moderate physical pressure”), exiling and demolishing the homes of relatives of suicide bombers, holding kidnapped people as “bargaining chips” (Sheikh Obeid and Dirani), this is another inevitable stage. It adds to the price of the occupation and the intifada: in this field, too, we are descending into the Third World.

Israeli TV channels gave much prominence to the riot in the courtroom, without reporting how it was planned and orchestrated. And no wonder: what is happening now to the courts has already happened to TV. Since Ariel Sharon recently took direct control over the electronic media, everybody can see the result with his or her own eyes. Like the late Stalin, Sharon now appears on TV almost every day, speaking at length to the nation. Each such “event” is meticulously planned and directed by his spin doctors.

He appears among soldiers, against a background of tanks, in the company of children, at meetings of bereaved parents, at memorial ceremonies. Never with the jobless in Yerucham or the hungry families in Dimona, who pay the price of the intifada.

Every day one minister is invited, in his turn, to a long TV interview, explaining the government’s and his own immense achievements. For the sake of balance, a right-wing politician is often confronted with an extreme-right-wing colleague.

Sometimes, but on fewer and fewer occasions, a “leftist” is called in for alibi purposes, and is allowed to utter a few sentences about peace, before he is interrupted by angry shouts. What a show!

This is how the “only democracy in the Middle East” looks now. Once this was called a “people’s democracy”.

(Uri Avnery, award-winning Israeli journalist and writer, three-time member of Knesset and a columnist for the Ma’ariv daily, is a founding member of the Gush Shalom peace movement.)



 

Two years of Intifada — a lose-lose situation

Hassan Barari

Jordan Times, 10/8/02 
LAST WEEK marked the end of the second year of the Palestinian Intifada, an ongoing conflict with unnecessary bloodshed that has brought neither side of the conflict any satisfaction. After both parties failed remarkably to impress their perspectives, it has never been as urgent as now that they reassess rationally and critically the utility of their respective strategies. The expediency of their strategies should be gauged against the objectives for which they were set. It should be emphasised at the outset that both Israelis and Palestinians have employed force to coerce each other.

Concerning Israel, it is evident that ever since Ariel Sharon assumed power, this particular Israeli government has suffered from lack of a political vision that addresses fairly the multidimensional aspects of the conflict. Hence, its systematic provocation and onslaught against the Palestinians, albeit projected in the context of war against “terror”, should be seen against the backdrop of the inherent cleavages within the current government with respect to dealing with the Palestinians. The perpetuation of the current war on the Palestinians, and here is the crux of the matter, appears to be the only common denominator among the Cabinet members.

To cover this endemic behaviour, the government, hijacked by the hardliners, has been driven by an erroneous working assumption based on a strategy of employing force alone. This approach is not, as the Israelis argue, acting as a deterrent, but is meant to bring about unconditional Palestinian capitulation. Explicit in Israeli leaders' myriad statements is that Palestinians understand nothing but the language of force and therefore they, once decisively defeated, would turn against the current leadership. Palestinians, according to this reasoning, would then come to terms with an Israeli offer which is, at best, not expected to match even the already rejected one offered by Ehud Barak at Camp David.

Despite trying to appear otherwise, the fact remains that Israel has been suffering almost as much as the Palestinians. Israel's loss is unprecedented, with the death toll exceeding 600 and an economic recession not experienced for the last two decades. Unchecked by the chorus of international criticism of his harsh policies, Sharon and his hardliners are not moved by the critical situation in which Israel has found itself. What makes thing worse is the fact that there is no genuine debate within Israel over the utility of carrying out armed confrontation. All opinion polls reveal a disgruntled Jewish majority backing Sharon's ill-advised iron-fist approach. Unsurprisingly, this fits neatly with Sharon's never ended mission of fighting the Palestinians' tooth and nail. However, it is evident that Israel has never been more distant from this objective than now. The Palestinians are not intimidated by superior Israeli military power and would never give up their rights to independence. Even if Sharon manages to defeat the Palestinians and consolidate the current occupation, Israel will end up a South African state being criticised by everyone, and its international standing will suffer accordingly. Sharon's inability to see through things has stopped him from attempting to use other nonviolent methods. To put it more bluntly, Israeli strategy has failed.

As to the Palestinians, let's make a case that the Palestinians are supposed to fight to end the last colonial occupation on earth. Therefore, the objective is both noble and legitimate. While it is true that they are entitled, under international law, to resist the Israeli occupation until independence is realised, unfortunately this Intifada is not taking them along that road. Those who argue that violence, as a strategy, will pay off seem incapable to understand how the asymmetrical balance of power will prevail at the end of the game. It should be stressed, however, that maintaining the conflict would only help Sharon and his right-wing partners to perpetuate occupation and consolidate the illegal settlements beyond the Green Line. Thus, if the aim of violence is liberation, after two years of the Intifada, proponents of the theory of employing force have failed to convince us how this has improved the Palestinians' situation. Those who also invoke Lebanon as a model fail again to appreciate that Lebanon is an entirely different scenario, exactly as Yamit, a dismantled settlement in Sinai, to Begin was not Ma'aleh Adumim.

It should be pointed out that the last thing on earth that this Israeli government seeks to realise is peace with the Palestinians based on implementing Resolution 242. But Sharon's success in maintaining his war against the Palestinians, within the context of the war against “terrorism”, entails a radical reassessment of the Palestinians' strategy. Evidently, Sharon enjoys the support and appreciation of the current American administration. Bush's stand is clear that the Jews are the victims of Palestinian terror and that Palestinian suffering is due to their leaders letting them down, a characteristically simplistic unbalanced remark.

Having said that, however, the Palestinians need to keep resisting occupation but they also need to change the tools according to how events unfold. Using just one tool, with the illusion that it serves their objective, is the last thing the Palestinians need. It should be made clear that these tools should be part of a grand strategy aimed at achieving one objective: Palestinian independence.

To conclude, it is too obvious to be missed that this mode of thinking has unquestionably outlived its usefulness. Neither party has met its objectives. The Palestinians, in particular, whose weakness is derived from lack of a unified strategy, badly need to engage in an internal dialogue aimed at developing such a strategy, that defines clearly the political objective of the resistance. More importantly, the strategy should remain impervious to new developments.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


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